Implementation of a Communication Tool Kit To Enhance Communication Research Paper

Implementation of a Communication Tool Kit To Enhance Communication Between Healthcare Providers and Patients - Research Paper Example For the purpose it is important to improve or reduce the communication gap between healthcare providers such as physicians and patients. This will be beneficial for both physicians as well patient in improving the medical practice. Physician learns how to deliver bad news such as suffering from cancer to a patient, understanding the emotions of patient, helping them regarding decision-making such as signing an informed consent for a clinical trail. On the other hand the patient feels comfortable and understands the treatment strategies with confidence. The protocol as discussed by Stephanie, Anthony, Susan, and Susan (2002) is depicted in the Table 1. As reported in a publication Elliot et al (2006) a study was conducted by the American College of Physicians Foundation (ACPF) and the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM) from 2002-2005 regarding implementation of Information Prescription (or "Information Rx") Program. According this study internet with proper health websites can be a useful tool for improving communication between physician and patient. In this the ACPF and NLM recommended the physicians to encourage patients to visit the evidence based and health informative website MedlinePlus.gov. The physicians were provided with Information Prescription (or "Information Rx") pads. These pads were used to provide the information regarding the website the patient should visit in order to get clarity about the treatment apart from the regular prescription. In the protocol the promotional materials kit that was mailed to physicians of the American College of Physicians (ACP) as per the two project pilot states of Iowa and Geor gia. The contained the Information Prescription (or "Information Rx") pads along with supplementation of room posters and bookmarks for the waiting room. Two comprehensive evaluations were done the first one included the survey of pre and post-intervention Information Rx mail, performing telephonic interviews and using web log analyses. The second comprehensive evaluation included non-random selection of ninety-two physicians by ACP foundation to encourage the practices for the use and visit of website MedlinePlus.gov. It was concluded from the study that physician and patient communication gap was improved with use of Information Rx pads. The physicians found that MedlinePlus is a useful website in promoting the patients self efficacy, understanding the treatment procedures, believing on the physician more and reduced the time needed to spend to patients by a physician. On the other hand the patients were able make better health decisions, able to communicate and understand the tre atments and concept regarding the disease.In other study as suggested by Bauer (2010) Probability-Utility Model was studied as a model for improving communication between healthcare providers and patients. The model

The Electoral College is a critical tool in American electoral Essay

The Electoral College is a critical tool in American electoral system.Define and assess the Electoral College and how it has or has not encouraged political participation by the citizenry - Essay Example A majority of 270 electoral votes is required to elect the president. The state’s entitled allotment of electors equals the number of members in its congressional delegation. Electoral College has not encouraged political participation by citizens especially since it is inherently undemocratic and gives the small states additional powers to prevent politicians from focusing only on issues which affect the larger states. The fear being without power, politicians would completely ignore small states and focus only on big population centers. The Electoral College favors the smaller states with disproportionate voting power in electing the President and the Vice President. On the other hand, advocates of the system say that this uneven power forces politicians to pay attention to smaller states which would otherwise be ignored. Except in closely fought swig states, voter turnout is largely insignificant due to entrenched political party domination in most states. The Electoral College decreases the advantage a political party might gain from encouraging voter turnout, except in those swig state (Hewson 15). In conclusion, the Electoral College is a critical tool in the electoral system of America. Even though the Electoral College does not encourage political participation by the citizenry, the electors are an important component of the Electoral College and each vote cast for the President and the Vice President determines the future exercise of power in the

The Decision Making Process Essay Example for Free

The Decision Making Process Essay Abstract As a senior, the decision on whether or not you want to go to college comes out being the hardest decision some students make. I have made the decision that I want to go to college. Going to college will get me where I want to be. Not only that, but it will further my education. The decision that I need to make is whether or not I want to play volleyball in college or not. Colleges have given me several opportunities to do this. However, it just comes down to me making the decision. Not only just a decision, but the right decision. This decision will have an affect on several different things throughout the rest of your pathway. This is why it is important to make the right decision. Introduction When you make your decision this way, you think it out before you make your final decision. Two ways to make a decision include rational and emotional. When you make a rational decision, you think it through and when you make an emotional decision, you just up and decide without thinking it through. Seven steps will lead to a smart and successful decision. First, you must define your problem. Next you will gather information, which becomes an important step. Third, you will identify your choices. Fourth, identify advantages and disadvantages of each choice. This will also be a big part of your decision-making. Fifth, you will finally make a decision. The sixth step, making a plan to get there. Last but not lease, you will evaluate your decision. Define Your Problem I have made the choice that I want to attend college after I graduate from high school. The problem that I have comes down to whether or not I want to play volleyball in college or not. I have loved playing volleyball ever since I started when I was little. I would love to continue to keep playing after high school. The only thing that stumps me is the fact that once you join a college sport, it then becomes a job. This choice remains to stand the hardest decision for me. I want make the best decision I can because if I don’t, I know I will regret it. I will use the seven steps to make the best decision. Gather Information Next, I must gather information about me problem. We all know that college is the complete opposite from cheap. Many students have to pass up the opportunity on going to college because of the cost. Scholarships come in handy for this. If I would go to college and want to play volleyball, it will still cost me a lot of money. However, if I can get a vast scholarship to go play volleyball for a college, I’m more likely to jump on that opportunity. According to the Chadron State website, the estimated cost to attend CSC to fit my needs, it will cost me $5,032.20 per semester. This is including room and board and also a meal plan. Now on the other hand, if I were to get an offer to go play volleyball somewhere, some of that money would be waived. This is defiantly an advantage in the long run when I am paying college off later on in life. Paying off college will take awhile if you don’t apply for scholarships. However, if I apply for scholarships and receive them as well as get a volleyball scholarship, it would be to my advantage. List Options When you look at my options, I could have several different ones. It just depends on which choice I am leaning closer to. If I do want to play volleyball in college, I would have options to which schools I want to go to. It will narrow down to which schools accept me. Not only that, but also which schools will offer me a scholarship. I think it would be awesome to receive a full ride to one of my top choice; however, I need to have a backup plan. My other options consist of if I don’t get a scholarship to the schools I want to go to, if I will even play volleyball in college. Advantages and Disadvantages There remain several advantages and disadvantages to each of my choices. One of the advantages that I consider the biggest stays getting a scholarship. Like I said earlier, college stands far from cheap. Yes, you can apply and receive scholarships, but that will not cover everything. If I would receive a major scholarship to go play volleyball and also receive other academic scholarships, paying for college would become easier. Another advantage is playing a sport would push me to keep my grades up. This would also force me to maintain a certain GPA to stay a member of the team. Therefore, I would have excellent grades. On the other hand, playing a sport in college can also come with some disadvantages. One of them includes that the sport becomes your second job. You leave for college sooner so you can train for your sport. You also have late practices, leaving little time to study. The disadvantages won’t faze you if you are dedicated to that sport. Make a Decision and Explain Why Having much time to think this through, I have made a decision. However, there are some twists and turns to my decision. It will depend on what all happens in the future. I feel that I am dedicated enough to the sport to play it in college. After attending try-outs for one college, I have found out it’s at a whole different level. I will have to not only prepare myself physically, but also mentally. I have come to a choice that if I receive a big scholarship, I will play volleyball in college. I know that it may be difficult my first year. Havening to manage not only my studies but also volleyball. I have thought about this long and hard and realized that I am capable of doing this. I am doing my best to get recognized by my top colleges for volleyball but if it’s not my top choice that does, I will evaluate that college and make my choice. My choice is well thought through and I am able to make a wise final decision. Make A Plan of Action Making a plan of action becomes the most important step. Several people have goals that they want to reach in life but they never have a plan of action to get there. When people don’t have a set plan, most of the time they never reach their goal. My plan of action can become a little flexible. My first step, I have already completed. That step remained applying and getting accepted into colleges. I have gotten accepted into UNK, CSC, Colby Community College in Kansas, and University of Wyoming in Laramie. My next step, to determine which school will give me the best offers based around my nursing major. Then, I will narrow it down to two schools. My last step stays that if one of those colleges offers me a scholarship to play volleyball, I will go play for them. Having a set plan will help you get to your goal. So make sure you make a plan of action to reach your goal or it’s possible you won’t get there. Evaluate The Decision I think attending college on a volleyball scholarship will remain the best decision. I feel that way because it will become much easier to pay for college. Also, I would love to continue playing volleyball. This would stay the best choice for those reasons. If I am able to do so, it will hopefully give me a whole new experience. It is much different than high school level. This remains why it would benefit to play volleyball in college. Conclusion In conclusion, the decision making process has several steps to it. First, you must define your problem. Next, you need to gather information about your problem. Then, you will need to list your options. Fourth, you have to find the advantages and disadvantages about each of your choices. Fifth, you must finally make a decision. Sixth, you must make a plan of action. This step can become the most important part because you need to make a plan on how to get there. Last, you need to evaluate the decision after it has happened. Decide whether your decision was a good or bad choice. References Retrieved from http://www.csc.edu/

Automation Process in Online Shopping

Automation Process in Online Shopping 1. INTRODUCTION Online Shopping 1.1 About The Project This project is developed for the automation process of shopping throw online i.e through web. In marchant module adding the catogories,products,itemSales, giving orders, stock maintenace, creating invoice (bill) for orders, shipping of items order given by customer. creation, details, and other transactions like automatic increment,decrement of stock, paid invoice(amount),shipping invoice And all other transactions for large scale whole sale or retail sales, very big shops, or organizations. This project mainly contains 3 modules like Marchant module, Customer module, and invoice module. In customer module customers will give orders for items which are being available in that shop. In our project that order is processed and details are stored in data base. In invoice module total bill for ordered items will be created. In case if the ordered items are not being shipped at a time then the pending order details will be processed and the bill for the pending order will be created. In Marchant Module products are being maintained in category wise and product wise, item wise and up to date stock will be maintained in computerized manner. And up to date order given by the customer through online web status will be shown with help of dynamic web pages by getting data from database. EXISTING SYSTEM In existing system every thing is manual like customer will go to shop manually and he/she selects items which are available in shop and the marchant will calculate the bill for products selected by the customer and then shipping process will take place. Existing System is manual, every thing we have to do manually displaying items Selecting items Billing process Shipping Problems in present system Could not synchronize the Outward information to shopping order details. No track of the complaints and replaced goods after ordering Order status is updated manually using Order Confirmation. Very high levels of effort for preparing invoices and dispatch related documents and routing them to relevant departments or locations and high levels of clerical activity on account of applicability of different customers and products. Increased levels of expectation from customers with respect to prompt delivery of items. Inability to accurately judge changing patterns of fast and slow moving items on account of large volumes of data, and inability to track goods in transit. Difficulties in handling customer queries pertaining to consignments in-transit and partial dispatches. Important orders not discriminated from others since all orders since all orders were processed on a FIFO basis-hence need to be able to prioritize and process orders on a preferential basis (for high value orders or important customers), if required. Increase in frequency of goods returned on account of damage leading to high stock levels of damaged goods in the factory. Discrepancy between ordered and invoiced quantities on account of either partial availability of stocks or clerical oversights. Insufficient checks in the current system for ensuring customer credit limits are not exceeded. Sales data not analyzed properly to streamline production volumes. This is primarily on account of varying sales patterns across the year and high volumes of transaction. Customers could communicate to the Sales people but no information is kept in track for future references. Marchant or Management couldnt not have any information regarding latest sales reports unless requested and taken it for Spreadsheet applications. Marchant or Management requires the Quality information updates against the complaints and quality measures and metrics, which the current system couldnt provide such facilities. The end user of this product is a departmental store where the application is hosted on the web and administrator maintains database.This application which is deployed at the departmental store will automate the following process. the customer details are appended to the customer database. The details of the items are brought forward from the database for customers view based on the selection through the menu. Database of all the products are products are updated at the end of the each transaction. 1. MODULE Marchant Module Marchant will enter into the next form by entering username,password in this login page,after entering into next page marchant will add new products, categories, different different items what are all the items available in that store,and if he wants he will modify the things,he will delete things And maintains everything by date wise. Enhancing stores update stores delete from stores Software and Hardware Requirements The following software and hardware are recommended for the company. Hardware Requirements: Processor : Pentium Speed : 233 MHz Monitor : samtron HardDisk : 4.2 GB RAM : 128 MB Software Requirements: Operating : SystemWindows NT Language : JAVA (JSP, JDBC).JDK 1.4 Backend : ORACLE 2.0 SYSTEM SPECIFICATION 2.1 Introduction 2.4 Advantages of the Proposed System Inter-Department Communication using Intranet Mailing Services (emails)Tracking the mails received from the customers as complaints and using them for appraisal and audit purpose purposes. Customized and adhoc reports for the MIS for decision-making. Order indent-automation from the direct sales dept. Shop Inventory Database updates. Stock in shop information Communication with the customers regarding the orders and complaints and tracking them for the future purposes. Application Portfolio It is recommended that the organization takes up the following four functional areas for automation Marchant department customer department Stores department Billing, shipping Information System The reasons for selecting the above are that firstly they directly address the problems enumerated. Secondly, together they forma cohesive set of well-integrated application with one system acting as the feeder system for the other. System Architecture DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS: A data flow diagram is a logical model of a system. The model does not depend on hardware, software and data structures of the organization. There is no physical implication in a data flow diagram. Because the diagram is a graphic picture of the logical system, it tends to be easy for every non-technical user to understand and thus serves as an excellent communication tool. Finally a data flow diagram is a good starting point for system design. To construct a data flow diagram it uses four basic symbols. They are given below. Rectangle: The above symbol is used to define source or destination of data. Circle or Rounded Corners Rectangle: The above symbols are defined to represent a process that transforms or modifies the data. 3.21 INTRODUCTION UML is a notation that resulted from the unification Of Object Modeling Technique and Object Oriented Software Technology .UML has been designed for broad range of application. Hence, it provides constructs for a broad range of systems and activities. An Overview of UML in five notations 1. use case diagrams Use cases are used during requirements elicitation and analysis To represent the functionality of the system.Use cases focus on the behaviour of the system from the external point of view.The actor are Outside the boundary of the system,whereas the use cases are inside the boundary of the system. 2. class diagrams Class diagrams to describe the structure of the system. Classes Are abstraction that specify the common structure and behaviour of a set Of objects. Class diagrams describe the system in terms of objects, classes, attributes, operations and their associations. 3. Sequence diagrams Sequence diagrams are used to formalize the behaviour of the system and to visualize the communication among objects. They are useful for identifying additional objects that participate in the use cases. A Sequence diagram represents the interaction that take place among these objects. 4. Statechart diagrams State chart diagrams describe the behaviour of an individual object as a number of states and transitions between these states. A state represents a particular set of values for an object. The sequence diagram focuses on the messages exchanged between objects, the state chart diagrams focuses on the transition between states. 5.Activity diagrams An activity diagram describes a system in terms of activities. Activities are states that represents the execution of a set of operations. Activity diagrams are similar to flowchart diagram and data flow. Screens of online shopping 3. REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION PURPOSE The purpose of â€Å"Online Shopping† is to evaluate the performance of the various products, maintain stock details, product details, and customer details of â€Å"very big shops†. SCOPE This document is meant for the use of the organization and also will be the basis for clarifications. Alterations will not be made without the permission of the organization. PRODUCT FUNCTIONS OVERVIEW Online Shopping is mainly designed for the big shops to automate the maintenance of stock, maintaining customer details, manipulating product details and maintaining the payment details. It also promotes in monitoring the marketing strategy to be implemented depending on the performance of the various products. 3.1 Requirements In system analysis the developer interacts with the customer/client and works with him in order to find out what he specifically needs. Later he sees the past system, which is in use, and tries to find out what is lacking in that system. This examination of past system is not mandatory. That helps the developer to dig in the problem of the client or the customer. System Analysis is the study of gathering and interpreting facts, diagnosing problems, and using the recommended improvements to the system. Analysis specifies what the system should do whereas design states how to accomplish the objective. System Analysis is comprised of following things. Identify the customers need. Feasibility study. Analyzing the system technically and economically. Resource allocation. Cost Estimations and Work schedule preparation. Defining the system, which forms the base of the following activities. The success of a system depends largely on how accurately a problem is defined, thoroughly investigated and properly carried out through the choice of solution. User need identification and analysis are concerned with the user needs rather than what the customer wants. This step is intended to help the user and the analyst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms. This package has been developed in order to overcome the difficulties encountered while using the manual system. Faster and timely generation of reports is another motivating factor for the development of this package. The following requirements are identified. 3.1.1 Functional Requirements Customer Order Processing New order (Order no auto generated). View Products in category Status. Log User Complaints. Order Search and Processing Status. Internal Mail. Merchants Inventory Processing Category wise prod Details. Department Orders. Internal Mails. Management Information System Processing Adhoc Report. Internal Mails. Inter office Memos. 3.1.2 User Interfaces: A LOGIN form is presented with three fields to be entered. When the Login button is pressed, based on the empid, department values in the login form, database the respective form gets displayed. After that the user can perform the required activities. 3.2.2 Analysis Objects 1. Interface Objects: The interface object (also known as Boundary Object) is responsible for controlling access to the Enterprise Java Beans tier from any client. This includes other server-side components, such as Servlets and Jsp pages.An excellent example of interface object is the controller servlets for the web applications MVC architecture. 2. Control Objects: Control objects provide services to the application. They model functionality that is not naturally associated with a particular entity or interface. Often, this is because more than one entity needs to be operated on at one time; an example might be determining if there is sufficient inventory to manufacture a product. Other times, it may be because a relevant entity was not identified in the model; an example might be charging someones credit card. 3. Entity Objects: Entity objects model those business objects that should maintain their state after the use case completes. Typically, this means that they represent data from the database. Some examples are Customer, product, and an order. Entity objects should be represented by entity beans in the implementation model. The Entity Objects: Customer Invoice Order Stock Product 3.3 INPUTS The following inputs are collected for proposed system during the requirements specification from the Industries. 1. Goods Inward Note (GIN) The factory receives this document from the factory along with the finished goods. It consists of the details of items received .The warehouse in charge is supposed to physically verify the stock received against this document. Discrepancies are to be noted on the GIN and send back to the factory. It is use to enter details into the Goods inward register. It is also used to update stock book on weekly basis. 2. Goods received Confirmation On receiving the goods the customer is supposed to send a letter or telephonically in form the receipt of the consignment. Having got this information, the relevant invoice from the in transit file is to be removed and destroyed is fixed format for this document. 3. Goods Returned Note This is prepared based on the information send by the direct customer or dealer on goods that have been damaged in transit. It contains the details of the damaged goods. A copy of this is sent to the order-processing department, anther copy to the quality control department and third is field in the GRN file. The GRN details are entered into the damaged goods ledger. 4. Order Company receives order from their direct customer and detailers. The dealers fill in the details on Flowells order form itself. The orders from the direct customers are transcribed on the regular format. Orders can be sent by one warehouse to another. They are used for checking the availability of the stock. They are serialized and then filled. In is used to check the availability of the required stock in stock book and the goods inward register. The order could be serviced completely, partially or pending as the case may be. 3.5 Outputs The following outputs are collected for proposed system during the requirements specification from the Shops. 1. Invoice Once an order (either direct customer order or the dealer order) gets serviced partially or fully, an invoice for the same needs to be prepared. Most of the details are picked up from the order itself .An order may have multiple invoices. The discount for special customers is worked out. The rate is got form the product rate file. A copy of the invoice is sent to the direct customer, dealer, in-transit file, invoice file. The invoice details are entered into the issue register. Once supplementary gets service partially or fully nil valued supplementary invoice for the same needs to be prepared. Most of the details are picked up from the supplementary order itself. A copy of the supplementary invoice is sent to the direct customer, dealer, in-tansit file, and supplementary invoice file. The supplementary invoice details are entered into the issue register. 2. Dispatch Instructions The invoice department picks up dispatch instructions for the invoices that are prepared from the order form. This they send to the dispatch department. They prepare a packing slip. This is a regular report being prepared, consisting of order that are pending as of a particular date. The details for this report are taken from the pending orders. 3. Weekly Stock Status Report This is another weekly report prepared giving the details of the stock of each product. The details are obtained from the stock book. This report is prepared on adhoc basis. Whenever the actual stock is compared with book stock, and discrepancies found, they are entered product wise in this report. 4. DESIGN SPECIFICATION 4.1 DATA DESIGN Data objects A data object is a thing about which you want to store information. It has independent existence and can be uniquely identified. The following data objects are derived for the system. Customer Order Product Invoice category Relationships A relationship is a named association between agent and customer entity or more than entities we say that relationship exists between clerk and customer entity type. Similarly a relation between a clerk entity type and a manager entity type. The following relationships are identified for the system. For instance let us take the objects CUSTOMER, CATEGORY,PRODUCT, ORDER ,BILL the following relationships are identified. Customer â€Å"places† an Order. Order â€Å"contains† Product. Product â€Å"dispatched to† Customer. The relationships between the remaining entities are as follows : Customer â€Å"receives† Invoice. Invoice â€Å"has† Product. E-R Diagram E-R Diagram as a method to represent a Data model and was developed by Chen (1976). The main focus of a Data Model is to identify the required data and show it diagrammatically, which is called Entity Relationship Diagram. Its popularly is attributed to its simplicity. It has a top-down design approach to decide the minimum data that we would like to store for a given information system. 4.2 Screens ONLINE SHOPPING SCREENS TESTING It is a process of establishing confidence that a program or system does what it is proposed of. Testing is the only way to assure the quality of software and it is an umbrella activity rather than a separate phase. This is an activity to be performed in parallel with the software effort and one that consists of its own phases of analysis, design, implementation, execution and maintenance. 5.1 Testing strategy 5.1.1 Unit Testing: This testing method considers a module as single unit and checks the unit at interfaces and communicates with other modules rather than getting into details at statement level. Here the module will be treated as a black box, which will take some inputs and generate output. Outputs for a given set of input combination are pre-calculated and are generated by the module. 5.1.2 Integration testing: Here all the pre-tested individual modules will be assembled to create the larger system and tests are carried out at system level to make sure that all modules are working in synchronous with each other. This testing methodology helps in making sure that all modules which are running perfectly when checked individually and are also running cohesion with other modules. For this testing we create test cases to check all modules once and then generated test combinations of test paths through out the system to make sure that no path is making its way into chaos. 5.1.3 Validation testing: Testing is a major quality control measure employed during software development. Its basic function is to detect errors. Sub functions when combined may not produce than it is desired. Global data structures can represent the problems. Integrated testing is a systematic technique for constructing the program structure while conducting the tests. To uncover errors that are associated with interfacing the objective is to make test modules and built a program structure that has been detected by design. In a non-incremental integration all the modules are combined in advance and the program is tested as a whole. Here errors will appear in an endless loop function. In incremental testing the program is constructed and tested in small segments where the errors are isolated and corrected. Different incremental integration strategies are top-down integration, bottom-up integration, regression testing. 5.1.4 High-order testing (a.k.a. System Testing) Modules are integrated by moving downwards through the control hierarchy beginning with main program. The subordinate modules are incorporated into structure in either a Breadth First manner or in a Depth First manner. This process is done in five steps: Main control module is used as a test driver and steps are submitted are all modules directly to main program. Depending on the integration approach selected subordinate is replaced at a time with actual modules. Tests are conducted. On completion of each set of tests another stub is replaced with the real module. Regression testing may be conducted to ensure that new errors have not been introduced. This process continues from step 2 until entire program structure is reached. In top down integration strategy decision making occurs at upper levels in the hierarchy and is encountered first. If major control problems do exists early recognitions is essential. If Depth First integration is selected a complete function of the software may be implemented and demonstrated. Some problems occur when processing at low levels in hierarchy is required to adequately test upper level steps to replace low-level modules at the beginning of the top-down testing. So no data flows upwards in the program structure. BOTTOM-UP INTEGRATION TESTING Begins construction and testing with automatic modules. As modules are integrated from the bottom-up, processing requirement for modules subordinate to a given level is always available and need for stubs is eliminated. The following steps implement this strategy: Low-level modules are combined in to clusters that perform a specific software sub function. A driver is written to coordinate test case input and output. Cluster is tested. Drivers are removed and moving upward in program structure combines clusters. Integration moves upward, the need for separate test drovers lesions. If the top-levels of the program are integrated top-down, the number of drivers can be reduced substantially and integration of clusters is greatly simplified. REGRESSION TESTING Each time a new module is added as a part of integration as the software changes. Regression testing is an actually that helps to ensure changes that do not introduce unintended behavior as additional errors. Regression testing may be conducted manually by executing a subset of all test cases and results for subsequent playback tools enables the software engineer to capture the test case and results for subsequent playback and compression. The regression suit contains different classes of test cases. 6. CONFIGURATION 7. FEATURES USED 7.1 About J2EE (Javaâ„ ¢ 2 Platform Enterprise Edition, v1.3) Today, more and more developers want to write distributed transactional applications for the enterprise and leverage the speed, security, and reliability of server-side technology. If you are already working in this area, you know that in todays fast-moving and demanding world of e-commerce and information technology, enterprise applications have to be designed, built, and produced for less money, with greater speed, and with fewer resources than ever before. To reduce costs and fast-track enterprise application design and development, the Javaâ„ ¢2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EEâ„ ¢) technology provides a component-based approach to the design, development, assembly, and deployment of enterprise applications. The J2EE platform offers a multitiered distributed application model, the ability to reuse components, integrated Extensible Markup Language (XML)-based data interchange, a unified security model, and flexible transaction control. Not only can you deliver innovative customer solutions to market faster than ever, but your platform-independent J2EE component-based solutions are not tied to the products and application programming interfaces (APIs) of any one vendor. Vendors and customers enjoy the freedom to choose the products and components that best meet their business and technological requirements. Distributed Multitier Applications The J2EE platform uses a multitier distributed application model for both enterprise applications. Application logic is divided into components according to function, and the various application components that make up a J2EE application are installed on different machines depending on the tier in the multitier J2EE environment to which the application component belongs. The following Figure shows two multitier J2EE applications divided into the tiers described in the following list. The J2EE application parts shown in the Figure are presented in J2EE Components. Client-tier components run on the client machine. Web-tier components run on the J2EE server. Business-tier components run on the J2EE server. Enterprise information system (EIS)-tier software runs on the EIS server. Although a J2EE application can consist of the three or four tiers shown in Figure, J2EE multitiered applications are generally considered to be threetiered applications because they are distributed over three different locations: client machines, the J2EE server machine, and the database or legacy machines at the back end. Three-tiered applications that run in this way extend the standard two-tiered client and server model by placing a multithreaded application server between the client application and back-end storage. J2EE Architecture The required relationships of architectural elements of the J2EE platform are shown in Figure. Note that this figure shows the logical relationships of the elements; it is not meant to imply a physical partitioning of the elements into separate machines, processes, address spaces, or virtual machines.The Containers, denoted by the separate rectangles,are J2EE runtime environments that provide required services to the application components represented in the upper half of the rectangle. The services provided are denoted by the boxes in the lower half of the rectangle. For example, the Application Client Container provides Java Messaging Service (JMS) APIs to Application Clients, as well as the other services represented. All these services are explained below. The arrows represent required access to other parts of the J2EE platform. The Application Client Container provides Application Clients with direct access to the J2EE required Database through the Java API for connectivity with database systems, the JDBCTM API. Similar access to databases is provided to JSP pages and servlets by the Web Container, and to enterprise beans by the EJB Container. As indicated the APIs of the JavaTM 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SETM), are supported by J2SE runtime environments for each type of application component. J2EE Architecture Diagram J2EE Components J2EE applications are made up of components. A J2EE component is a self-contained functional software unit that is assembled into a J2EE application with its related classes and files and that communicates with other components. The J2EE specification defines the following J2EE components: Application clients and applets are components that run on the client. Java Servlet and JavaServer Pagesâ„ ¢ (JSPâ„ ¢) technology components are Web components that run on the server. Enterprise JavaBeansâ„ ¢ (EJBâ„ ¢) components (enterprise beans) are business Components that run on the server. J2EE components are written in the Java programming language and are compiled in the same way as any program in the language. The difference between J2EE components and â€Å"standard† Java classes is that J2EE components are assembled into a J2EE application, verified to be well formed and in compliance with the J2EE specification, and deployed to production, where they are run and managed by the J2EE server. J2EE Clients A J2EE client can be a Web client or an application client. Web Clients A Web client consists of two parts: dynamic Web pages containing various types of markup language (HTML, XML, and so on), which are generated by Web components running in the Web tier, and a Web browser, which renders the pages received from the server. A Web client is sometimes called a thin client. Thin clients usually do not do things like query databases, execute complex business rules, or connect to legacy applications. When you use a thin client, heavyweight operations like these are off-loaded to enterprise beans executing on the J2EE server where they can leverage the security, speed, services, and reliability of J2EE server-side technologies. Applets A Web page received from the Web tier can include an embedded applet. An applet is a small client application written in the Java programming language that executes in the Java virtual machine installed in the Web browser. However, client systems will likely need the Java Plug-in and possibly a security policy file in order for the applet to successfully execute in the Web browser. Web components are the preferred API for creating a Web client program because no plug-ins or security policy files are needed on the client systems. Also, Web components enable cleaner and more modular application design because they provide a way to separate applications programming from Web page design. Personnel involved in Web page design thus do not need to understand Java programming language syntax to do their jobs. Application Clients A J2EE application client runs on a client machine and provides a way for users to handle tasks that require a richer user interface than can be provided by a markup language. It typically has a graphical user interface (GUI) created from Swing or Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) APIs, but a command-line interface is certainly possible. Application clients directly access enterprise beans running in the Automation Process in Online Shopping Automation Process in Online Shopping 1. INTRODUCTION Online Shopping 1.1 About The Project This project is developed for the automation process of shopping throw online i.e through web. In marchant module adding the catogories,products,itemSales, giving orders, stock maintenace, creating invoice (bill) for orders, shipping of items order given by customer. creation, details, and other transactions like automatic increment,decrement of stock, paid invoice(amount),shipping invoice And all other transactions for large scale whole sale or retail sales, very big shops, or organizations. This project mainly contains 3 modules like Marchant module, Customer module, and invoice module. In customer module customers will give orders for items which are being available in that shop. In our project that order is processed and details are stored in data base. In invoice module total bill for ordered items will be created. In case if the ordered items are not being shipped at a time then the pending order details will be processed and the bill for the pending order will be created. In Marchant Module products are being maintained in category wise and product wise, item wise and up to date stock will be maintained in computerized manner. And up to date order given by the customer through online web status will be shown with help of dynamic web pages by getting data from database. EXISTING SYSTEM In existing system every thing is manual like customer will go to shop manually and he/she selects items which are available in shop and the marchant will calculate the bill for products selected by the customer and then shipping process will take place. Existing System is manual, every thing we have to do manually displaying items Selecting items Billing process Shipping Problems in present system Could not synchronize the Outward information to shopping order details. No track of the complaints and replaced goods after ordering Order status is updated manually using Order Confirmation. Very high levels of effort for preparing invoices and dispatch related documents and routing them to relevant departments or locations and high levels of clerical activity on account of applicability of different customers and products. Increased levels of expectation from customers with respect to prompt delivery of items. Inability to accurately judge changing patterns of fast and slow moving items on account of large volumes of data, and inability to track goods in transit. Difficulties in handling customer queries pertaining to consignments in-transit and partial dispatches. Important orders not discriminated from others since all orders since all orders were processed on a FIFO basis-hence need to be able to prioritize and process orders on a preferential basis (for high value orders or important customers), if required. Increase in frequency of goods returned on account of damage leading to high stock levels of damaged goods in the factory. Discrepancy between ordered and invoiced quantities on account of either partial availability of stocks or clerical oversights. Insufficient checks in the current system for ensuring customer credit limits are not exceeded. Sales data not analyzed properly to streamline production volumes. This is primarily on account of varying sales patterns across the year and high volumes of transaction. Customers could communicate to the Sales people but no information is kept in track for future references. Marchant or Management couldnt not have any information regarding latest sales reports unless requested and taken it for Spreadsheet applications. Marchant or Management requires the Quality information updates against the complaints and quality measures and metrics, which the current system couldnt provide such facilities. The end user of this product is a departmental store where the application is hosted on the web and administrator maintains database.This application which is deployed at the departmental store will automate the following process. the customer details are appended to the customer database. The details of the items are brought forward from the database for customers view based on the selection through the menu. Database of all the products are products are updated at the end of the each transaction. 1. MODULE Marchant Module Marchant will enter into the next form by entering username,password in this login page,after entering into next page marchant will add new products, categories, different different items what are all the items available in that store,and if he wants he will modify the things,he will delete things And maintains everything by date wise. Enhancing stores update stores delete from stores Software and Hardware Requirements The following software and hardware are recommended for the company. Hardware Requirements: Processor : Pentium Speed : 233 MHz Monitor : samtron HardDisk : 4.2 GB RAM : 128 MB Software Requirements: Operating : SystemWindows NT Language : JAVA (JSP, JDBC).JDK 1.4 Backend : ORACLE 2.0 SYSTEM SPECIFICATION 2.1 Introduction 2.4 Advantages of the Proposed System Inter-Department Communication using Intranet Mailing Services (emails)Tracking the mails received from the customers as complaints and using them for appraisal and audit purpose purposes. Customized and adhoc reports for the MIS for decision-making. Order indent-automation from the direct sales dept. Shop Inventory Database updates. Stock in shop information Communication with the customers regarding the orders and complaints and tracking them for the future purposes. Application Portfolio It is recommended that the organization takes up the following four functional areas for automation Marchant department customer department Stores department Billing, shipping Information System The reasons for selecting the above are that firstly they directly address the problems enumerated. Secondly, together they forma cohesive set of well-integrated application with one system acting as the feeder system for the other. System Architecture DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS: A data flow diagram is a logical model of a system. The model does not depend on hardware, software and data structures of the organization. There is no physical implication in a data flow diagram. Because the diagram is a graphic picture of the logical system, it tends to be easy for every non-technical user to understand and thus serves as an excellent communication tool. Finally a data flow diagram is a good starting point for system design. To construct a data flow diagram it uses four basic symbols. They are given below. Rectangle: The above symbol is used to define source or destination of data. Circle or Rounded Corners Rectangle: The above symbols are defined to represent a process that transforms or modifies the data. 3.21 INTRODUCTION UML is a notation that resulted from the unification Of Object Modeling Technique and Object Oriented Software Technology .UML has been designed for broad range of application. Hence, it provides constructs for a broad range of systems and activities. An Overview of UML in five notations 1. use case diagrams Use cases are used during requirements elicitation and analysis To represent the functionality of the system.Use cases focus on the behaviour of the system from the external point of view.The actor are Outside the boundary of the system,whereas the use cases are inside the boundary of the system. 2. class diagrams Class diagrams to describe the structure of the system. Classes Are abstraction that specify the common structure and behaviour of a set Of objects. Class diagrams describe the system in terms of objects, classes, attributes, operations and their associations. 3. Sequence diagrams Sequence diagrams are used to formalize the behaviour of the system and to visualize the communication among objects. They are useful for identifying additional objects that participate in the use cases. A Sequence diagram represents the interaction that take place among these objects. 4. Statechart diagrams State chart diagrams describe the behaviour of an individual object as a number of states and transitions between these states. A state represents a particular set of values for an object. The sequence diagram focuses on the messages exchanged between objects, the state chart diagrams focuses on the transition between states. 5.Activity diagrams An activity diagram describes a system in terms of activities. Activities are states that represents the execution of a set of operations. Activity diagrams are similar to flowchart diagram and data flow. Screens of online shopping 3. REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION PURPOSE The purpose of â€Å"Online Shopping† is to evaluate the performance of the various products, maintain stock details, product details, and customer details of â€Å"very big shops†. SCOPE This document is meant for the use of the organization and also will be the basis for clarifications. Alterations will not be made without the permission of the organization. PRODUCT FUNCTIONS OVERVIEW Online Shopping is mainly designed for the big shops to automate the maintenance of stock, maintaining customer details, manipulating product details and maintaining the payment details. It also promotes in monitoring the marketing strategy to be implemented depending on the performance of the various products. 3.1 Requirements In system analysis the developer interacts with the customer/client and works with him in order to find out what he specifically needs. Later he sees the past system, which is in use, and tries to find out what is lacking in that system. This examination of past system is not mandatory. That helps the developer to dig in the problem of the client or the customer. System Analysis is the study of gathering and interpreting facts, diagnosing problems, and using the recommended improvements to the system. Analysis specifies what the system should do whereas design states how to accomplish the objective. System Analysis is comprised of following things. Identify the customers need. Feasibility study. Analyzing the system technically and economically. Resource allocation. Cost Estimations and Work schedule preparation. Defining the system, which forms the base of the following activities. The success of a system depends largely on how accurately a problem is defined, thoroughly investigated and properly carried out through the choice of solution. User need identification and analysis are concerned with the user needs rather than what the customer wants. This step is intended to help the user and the analyst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms. This package has been developed in order to overcome the difficulties encountered while using the manual system. Faster and timely generation of reports is another motivating factor for the development of this package. The following requirements are identified. 3.1.1 Functional Requirements Customer Order Processing New order (Order no auto generated). View Products in category Status. Log User Complaints. Order Search and Processing Status. Internal Mail. Merchants Inventory Processing Category wise prod Details. Department Orders. Internal Mails. Management Information System Processing Adhoc Report. Internal Mails. Inter office Memos. 3.1.2 User Interfaces: A LOGIN form is presented with three fields to be entered. When the Login button is pressed, based on the empid, department values in the login form, database the respective form gets displayed. After that the user can perform the required activities. 3.2.2 Analysis Objects 1. Interface Objects: The interface object (also known as Boundary Object) is responsible for controlling access to the Enterprise Java Beans tier from any client. This includes other server-side components, such as Servlets and Jsp pages.An excellent example of interface object is the controller servlets for the web applications MVC architecture. 2. Control Objects: Control objects provide services to the application. They model functionality that is not naturally associated with a particular entity or interface. Often, this is because more than one entity needs to be operated on at one time; an example might be determining if there is sufficient inventory to manufacture a product. Other times, it may be because a relevant entity was not identified in the model; an example might be charging someones credit card. 3. Entity Objects: Entity objects model those business objects that should maintain their state after the use case completes. Typically, this means that they represent data from the database. Some examples are Customer, product, and an order. Entity objects should be represented by entity beans in the implementation model. The Entity Objects: Customer Invoice Order Stock Product 3.3 INPUTS The following inputs are collected for proposed system during the requirements specification from the Industries. 1. Goods Inward Note (GIN) The factory receives this document from the factory along with the finished goods. It consists of the details of items received .The warehouse in charge is supposed to physically verify the stock received against this document. Discrepancies are to be noted on the GIN and send back to the factory. It is use to enter details into the Goods inward register. It is also used to update stock book on weekly basis. 2. Goods received Confirmation On receiving the goods the customer is supposed to send a letter or telephonically in form the receipt of the consignment. Having got this information, the relevant invoice from the in transit file is to be removed and destroyed is fixed format for this document. 3. Goods Returned Note This is prepared based on the information send by the direct customer or dealer on goods that have been damaged in transit. It contains the details of the damaged goods. A copy of this is sent to the order-processing department, anther copy to the quality control department and third is field in the GRN file. The GRN details are entered into the damaged goods ledger. 4. Order Company receives order from their direct customer and detailers. The dealers fill in the details on Flowells order form itself. The orders from the direct customers are transcribed on the regular format. Orders can be sent by one warehouse to another. They are used for checking the availability of the stock. They are serialized and then filled. In is used to check the availability of the required stock in stock book and the goods inward register. The order could be serviced completely, partially or pending as the case may be. 3.5 Outputs The following outputs are collected for proposed system during the requirements specification from the Shops. 1. Invoice Once an order (either direct customer order or the dealer order) gets serviced partially or fully, an invoice for the same needs to be prepared. Most of the details are picked up from the order itself .An order may have multiple invoices. The discount for special customers is worked out. The rate is got form the product rate file. A copy of the invoice is sent to the direct customer, dealer, in-transit file, invoice file. The invoice details are entered into the issue register. Once supplementary gets service partially or fully nil valued supplementary invoice for the same needs to be prepared. Most of the details are picked up from the supplementary order itself. A copy of the supplementary invoice is sent to the direct customer, dealer, in-tansit file, and supplementary invoice file. The supplementary invoice details are entered into the issue register. 2. Dispatch Instructions The invoice department picks up dispatch instructions for the invoices that are prepared from the order form. This they send to the dispatch department. They prepare a packing slip. This is a regular report being prepared, consisting of order that are pending as of a particular date. The details for this report are taken from the pending orders. 3. Weekly Stock Status Report This is another weekly report prepared giving the details of the stock of each product. The details are obtained from the stock book. This report is prepared on adhoc basis. Whenever the actual stock is compared with book stock, and discrepancies found, they are entered product wise in this report. 4. DESIGN SPECIFICATION 4.1 DATA DESIGN Data objects A data object is a thing about which you want to store information. It has independent existence and can be uniquely identified. The following data objects are derived for the system. Customer Order Product Invoice category Relationships A relationship is a named association between agent and customer entity or more than entities we say that relationship exists between clerk and customer entity type. Similarly a relation between a clerk entity type and a manager entity type. The following relationships are identified for the system. For instance let us take the objects CUSTOMER, CATEGORY,PRODUCT, ORDER ,BILL the following relationships are identified. Customer â€Å"places† an Order. Order â€Å"contains† Product. Product â€Å"dispatched to† Customer. The relationships between the remaining entities are as follows : Customer â€Å"receives† Invoice. Invoice â€Å"has† Product. E-R Diagram E-R Diagram as a method to represent a Data model and was developed by Chen (1976). The main focus of a Data Model is to identify the required data and show it diagrammatically, which is called Entity Relationship Diagram. Its popularly is attributed to its simplicity. It has a top-down design approach to decide the minimum data that we would like to store for a given information system. 4.2 Screens ONLINE SHOPPING SCREENS TESTING It is a process of establishing confidence that a program or system does what it is proposed of. Testing is the only way to assure the quality of software and it is an umbrella activity rather than a separate phase. This is an activity to be performed in parallel with the software effort and one that consists of its own phases of analysis, design, implementation, execution and maintenance. 5.1 Testing strategy 5.1.1 Unit Testing: This testing method considers a module as single unit and checks the unit at interfaces and communicates with other modules rather than getting into details at statement level. Here the module will be treated as a black box, which will take some inputs and generate output. Outputs for a given set of input combination are pre-calculated and are generated by the module. 5.1.2 Integration testing: Here all the pre-tested individual modules will be assembled to create the larger system and tests are carried out at system level to make sure that all modules are working in synchronous with each other. This testing methodology helps in making sure that all modules which are running perfectly when checked individually and are also running cohesion with other modules. For this testing we create test cases to check all modules once and then generated test combinations of test paths through out the system to make sure that no path is making its way into chaos. 5.1.3 Validation testing: Testing is a major quality control measure employed during software development. Its basic function is to detect errors. Sub functions when combined may not produce than it is desired. Global data structures can represent the problems. Integrated testing is a systematic technique for constructing the program structure while conducting the tests. To uncover errors that are associated with interfacing the objective is to make test modules and built a program structure that has been detected by design. In a non-incremental integration all the modules are combined in advance and the program is tested as a whole. Here errors will appear in an endless loop function. In incremental testing the program is constructed and tested in small segments where the errors are isolated and corrected. Different incremental integration strategies are top-down integration, bottom-up integration, regression testing. 5.1.4 High-order testing (a.k.a. System Testing) Modules are integrated by moving downwards through the control hierarchy beginning with main program. The subordinate modules are incorporated into structure in either a Breadth First manner or in a Depth First manner. This process is done in five steps: Main control module is used as a test driver and steps are submitted are all modules directly to main program. Depending on the integration approach selected subordinate is replaced at a time with actual modules. Tests are conducted. On completion of each set of tests another stub is replaced with the real module. Regression testing may be conducted to ensure that new errors have not been introduced. This process continues from step 2 until entire program structure is reached. In top down integration strategy decision making occurs at upper levels in the hierarchy and is encountered first. If major control problems do exists early recognitions is essential. If Depth First integration is selected a complete function of the software may be implemented and demonstrated. Some problems occur when processing at low levels in hierarchy is required to adequately test upper level steps to replace low-level modules at the beginning of the top-down testing. So no data flows upwards in the program structure. BOTTOM-UP INTEGRATION TESTING Begins construction and testing with automatic modules. As modules are integrated from the bottom-up, processing requirement for modules subordinate to a given level is always available and need for stubs is eliminated. The following steps implement this strategy: Low-level modules are combined in to clusters that perform a specific software sub function. A driver is written to coordinate test case input and output. Cluster is tested. Drivers are removed and moving upward in program structure combines clusters. Integration moves upward, the need for separate test drovers lesions. If the top-levels of the program are integrated top-down, the number of drivers can be reduced substantially and integration of clusters is greatly simplified. REGRESSION TESTING Each time a new module is added as a part of integration as the software changes. Regression testing is an actually that helps to ensure changes that do not introduce unintended behavior as additional errors. Regression testing may be conducted manually by executing a subset of all test cases and results for subsequent playback tools enables the software engineer to capture the test case and results for subsequent playback and compression. The regression suit contains different classes of test cases. 6. CONFIGURATION 7. FEATURES USED 7.1 About J2EE (Javaâ„ ¢ 2 Platform Enterprise Edition, v1.3) Today, more and more developers want to write distributed transactional applications for the enterprise and leverage the speed, security, and reliability of server-side technology. If you are already working in this area, you know that in todays fast-moving and demanding world of e-commerce and information technology, enterprise applications have to be designed, built, and produced for less money, with greater speed, and with fewer resources than ever before. To reduce costs and fast-track enterprise application design and development, the Javaâ„ ¢2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EEâ„ ¢) technology provides a component-based approach to the design, development, assembly, and deployment of enterprise applications. The J2EE platform offers a multitiered distributed application model, the ability to reuse components, integrated Extensible Markup Language (XML)-based data interchange, a unified security model, and flexible transaction control. Not only can you deliver innovative customer solutions to market faster than ever, but your platform-independent J2EE component-based solutions are not tied to the products and application programming interfaces (APIs) of any one vendor. Vendors and customers enjoy the freedom to choose the products and components that best meet their business and technological requirements. Distributed Multitier Applications The J2EE platform uses a multitier distributed application model for both enterprise applications. Application logic is divided into components according to function, and the various application components that make up a J2EE application are installed on different machines depending on the tier in the multitier J2EE environment to which the application component belongs. The following Figure shows two multitier J2EE applications divided into the tiers described in the following list. The J2EE application parts shown in the Figure are presented in J2EE Components. Client-tier components run on the client machine. Web-tier components run on the J2EE server. Business-tier components run on the J2EE server. Enterprise information system (EIS)-tier software runs on the EIS server. Although a J2EE application can consist of the three or four tiers shown in Figure, J2EE multitiered applications are generally considered to be threetiered applications because they are distributed over three different locations: client machines, the J2EE server machine, and the database or legacy machines at the back end. Three-tiered applications that run in this way extend the standard two-tiered client and server model by placing a multithreaded application server between the client application and back-end storage. J2EE Architecture The required relationships of architectural elements of the J2EE platform are shown in Figure. Note that this figure shows the logical relationships of the elements; it is not meant to imply a physical partitioning of the elements into separate machines, processes, address spaces, or virtual machines.The Containers, denoted by the separate rectangles,are J2EE runtime environments that provide required services to the application components represented in the upper half of the rectangle. The services provided are denoted by the boxes in the lower half of the rectangle. For example, the Application Client Container provides Java Messaging Service (JMS) APIs to Application Clients, as well as the other services represented. All these services are explained below. The arrows represent required access to other parts of the J2EE platform. The Application Client Container provides Application Clients with direct access to the J2EE required Database through the Java API for connectivity with database systems, the JDBCTM API. Similar access to databases is provided to JSP pages and servlets by the Web Container, and to enterprise beans by the EJB Container. As indicated the APIs of the JavaTM 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SETM), are supported by J2SE runtime environments for each type of application component. J2EE Architecture Diagram J2EE Components J2EE applications are made up of components. A J2EE component is a self-contained functional software unit that is assembled into a J2EE application with its related classes and files and that communicates with other components. The J2EE specification defines the following J2EE components: Application clients and applets are components that run on the client. Java Servlet and JavaServer Pagesâ„ ¢ (JSPâ„ ¢) technology components are Web components that run on the server. Enterprise JavaBeansâ„ ¢ (EJBâ„ ¢) components (enterprise beans) are business Components that run on the server. J2EE components are written in the Java programming language and are compiled in the same way as any program in the language. The difference between J2EE components and â€Å"standard† Java classes is that J2EE components are assembled into a J2EE application, verified to be well formed and in compliance with the J2EE specification, and deployed to production, where they are run and managed by the J2EE server. J2EE Clients A J2EE client can be a Web client or an application client. Web Clients A Web client consists of two parts: dynamic Web pages containing various types of markup language (HTML, XML, and so on), which are generated by Web components running in the Web tier, and a Web browser, which renders the pages received from the server. A Web client is sometimes called a thin client. Thin clients usually do not do things like query databases, execute complex business rules, or connect to legacy applications. When you use a thin client, heavyweight operations like these are off-loaded to enterprise beans executing on the J2EE server where they can leverage the security, speed, services, and reliability of J2EE server-side technologies. Applets A Web page received from the Web tier can include an embedded applet. An applet is a small client application written in the Java programming language that executes in the Java virtual machine installed in the Web browser. However, client systems will likely need the Java Plug-in and possibly a security policy file in order for the applet to successfully execute in the Web browser. Web components are the preferred API for creating a Web client program because no plug-ins or security policy files are needed on the client systems. Also, Web components enable cleaner and more modular application design because they provide a way to separate applications programming from Web page design. Personnel involved in Web page design thus do not need to understand Java programming language syntax to do their jobs. Application Clients A J2EE application client runs on a client machine and provides a way for users to handle tasks that require a richer user interface than can be provided by a markup language. It typically has a graphical user interface (GUI) created from Swing or Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) APIs, but a command-line interface is certainly possible. Application clients directly access enterprise beans running in the

Castle Rackrent Essay example -- Literary Analysis, Maria Edgeworth

The story of Castle Rackrent as told by Maria Edgeworth has many diverse characters that are sometimes over looked for the main character Thady. Kit Kincaide, an author who voiced his opinions of Thady as a person who has no understanding of the true reasons for the events that goes on around him. Kincaide states; â€Å"Thady is a narrator with so little understanding of the events he recalls, and with no ability at all to see any perspective but the narrowly defined, ill-informed viewpoint from which he interprets these events, that he cannot fathom the irony the reader elicits from the text his words create† (Kincaide 251). Kincaide shows what kind of man Thady is, and by explaining how Thady is unimportant for the story. The most important character is in fact Thady’s son Jason, if he was not in the story many of the events would not have transpired. In light of the acts that were going on in the 1790’s such as the 1798 Rebellion and the Act of Union, one can easily see why Jason personality is one of self-preservation and elevation. It is difficult to understand why Edgeworth would not spend more time developing a character as important as Jason, who provides momentum to the story. Yet as one farther reads in to the text they will find more about Jason from what is not said, such as what kind of Irish men Jason is. Though it is hard to tell what aspect of the Irish Edgeworth uses Jason to represent because of his numerous traits, it could be argued that Jason shows the more clever and ruthless side of the Irish. As the story of Castle Rackrent unfolds, many key events are able to happen with the help of Jason, the cunning and unfeeling Irish man who was able to trick his Anglo-Irish counterpart. Since the story was meant for the ... ...s of him, even to the point where his father disowned him. Yet if one looks deeper in to the role Jason played one could see that he set many things in motions. If he did not become a lawyer, he probably would not have done the books for the Rackrent estate. Then he would never have become aware of the debt the Rackrents were in, and if that had not have happened he would not have bought the whole estate and Sir Condy would have drowned in his debt. The Rackrents would have ended one way or another because of their frivolous lifestyle, Jason was just helping it along. Edgeworth being Anglo-Irish herself may have purposely given Jason these traits to show how the Irish must be taken care of by those with the power to do so. Jason was not a scoundrel in the story; he was just a man who sought to gain power for him even if it meant stepping on some toes to get there.

Cola Wars Bottling vs Concentrate Essay

Compare the economics of the concentrate business to that of the bottling business: Why is the profitability so different? The returns received by concentrate producers differ from those received by bottlers for several reasons †¦ Concentrate producers: Capital investment. Concentrate production business is less capital intensive than bottling. It requires less funds to be invested in machinery, labor and modernization. â€Å"A typical concentrate manufacturing plant cost about $25 million to $50 million to build, and one plant could serve the entire United States† (Yoffie, 2007). The number of significant costs is small. The major ones are: advertising, Market Research and product development. However, concentrate producers tended to employ large number of people to work with bottlers and their suppliers to ensure quality control and efficiency of production as well as reliable supply of raw materials (e.g. cans) and low prices (Yoffie, 2007). Franchising. The concentrate producers work using the principle of franchising. It means that bottlers pay them in order to become part of the bottling network and are granted â€Å"the sales operation in an exclusive geographic territory†¦(Yoffie, 2007)† Concentrate price. Coca-Cola was able to determine its concentrate prices since 1987 when the Master Bottling Contract was established. Pepsi’s Master Bottling contract was a bit different to Coke’s as it obliged bottlers â€Å"to purchase raw materials from Pepsi at prices, and on terms and conditions, determined by Pepsi†. They based the price of the concentrate on CPI and negotiated it with bottlers. â€Å"From the 1980s to the early 2000s, concentrate makers regularly raised concentrate prices, even as inflation-adjusted retail prices for CSD products trended downward†, – another reason for greater returns in concentrate production business. As brand promotion was very strong and formula was always kept a secret the whole thing with concentrate was kind of exclusive, so it greatly added towards the price of the concentrate itself and, as the result, towards the returns of concentrate producers (Yoffie, 2007). Raw materials. Concentrate producers required fewer r aw materials and their major spending were on caramel coloring, citric acid, caffeine and natural flavorings. Bottlers, on the other hand, required large number of production materials. Their major inputs were: packaging (e.g. cans, glass bottles etc.), as well as sweeteners (e.g. aspartame). This process helped concentrate makers reduce the outflow of money which increased their profitability (Yoffie, 2007). Bottlers: Dependency. Bottlers were always very dependent on concentrate producers as they were obliged to buy raw materials from them (Pepsi Master Bottling Agreement). They were also very dependent on suppliers of packaging, flavours and sweeteners. As the price of the concentrate rose, bottlers could not react in the same way and increased the price of the final product as they were being squeezed by other suppliers of different beverages. These factors contributed to lower returns in bottling business. Bottling is a much more capital intensive industry than concentrate production. It requires huge investment and on-going improvement and modernization of bottling lines. Large bottling plant with â€Å"a capacity of 40 million cases, could range as high as $75 million† (Yoffie, 2007). High competition. The number of bottlers is much greater than the number of concentrate producers, so the competition took place between them was fierce. There were approximately 2000 bottlers in 1970s a nd the figure dropped to less than 300 by 2004. Ongoing modernization and increasing capacity was required from bottlers (which were often small and family-owned) and not all of them could meet those requirements, so their number dropped. High competition ensures that returns are really low, only enough to survive Investments. Besides investments in modernization, bottlers bought trucks for transporting and established the distribution channels. It all required some investments as well. â€Å"Bottlers’ gross profits routinely exceeded 40%, but operating margins were usually in the 7% to 9% range (Comparative Costs of a Typical U.S. Concentrate Bottler and Producer). Stability. The returns received by bottlers are less than returns received by concentrate producers due to the risk levels as well. The concentrate producers are responsible for brand promotion and invest heavily in trademark to stimulate sales. High returns are what they get as the result. However, bottlers have little risk in their operations as they are given the famous name well-known all over the world. This development provides them with stable returns, and low risk. How has the competition between Coke and Pepsi affected the industry’s profit? The competition between Coke and Pepsi reached its peak to become a real war battle by the year 1980. This war had affected the industry profit for both concentrate producers and bottlers, while the effect of bottlers was much higher. After the successful â€Å"Pepsi Challenge† (blind taste tests: sales shot up) in 1974, Coke countered with rebates, retail price cuts and significant concentrate price increases. Pepsi followed of a 15% price increase of its own. During the early 1990’s bottlers of Coke and Pepsi employed low price strategies in the supermarket channel in order to compete with store brands. The concentrate producers were always able to increase their profits by increasing the concentrate price, while the bottlers, especially the small-sized, had to suffer from the war dramatically by decreasing their profits. This had a negative effect on the profitability of the bottlers (Operating income in 2009: concentrate producers 32%, bottlers 8%). During t his period net profit for bottlers was in the low single digits. The war forced bottlers to increase their advertising and packaging proliferation, giving discounts for shelf space and spending high capital on new products. Pepsi and Coke were however able to maintain the profitability through sustained growth, for example the successful launch of Diet Coke by Coca Cola or the entry of Pepsi into the food business, which both contributed powerful to the companies and as a result to the industry’s profit.

e-Commerce web solutions Essay

Ecommerce stores that have been uniquely designed and developed with rich features have created success for online merchants from across diverse industries. With Agile project management and 10+ years of development experience, we deliver a go live version soon to help our customers start generating revenue as soon as possible. Attractive and easy user interface design is the expertise of the talented team and developing the required features. We have been successfully delivering e-stores that are highly appreciated by our clients as well as the customers who shop with them. While developing, the key focus remains on the aesthetics of the store which eventually attracts customers, gives them a smooth shopping experience and increases the chances of making a purchase. Once an ecommerce portal solution is up and running, it is then time to make sure that the general public knows about the ecommerce website and the business. This can happen with the help of search engine promotion for an ecommerce website which is not same as a normal static website. Since the site has got dynamic pages and products, a different strategy has to be worked upon in order to achieve the publicity results. Kenovate Solutions has been delivering the ecommerce search engine optimization services along with the development and hence have been a perfect choice for one-store-shop for ecommerce development and search engine optimization. With over 100+ websites developed, 40+ application software delivered and 50+ live sites hosted for a range of industries and verticals over the last 10+ years, Kenovate Solutions is serving web solution needs for early adopter entrepreneurs, startups and SMEs in domestic & international web domain. Kenovate Solutions specializes in developing web portals, intranets, e-commerce solutions, and web / online applications those are used to streamline functionality and ease of use. Kenovate’s clients include a wide range of domains such as education, finance, FMCG, healthcare, hospitality, international development agencies, manufacturing, non-governmental, research agencies, real estate, retail, travel and tourism etc.